Glucose metabolism

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GLUCOSE METABOLISM

Nutrition - The Science how the body Utilize food to meet requirements for development growth repair and maintenance.

Carbohydrate , fat , protein , minerals , water and vitamin daily intake per day glucose = 310grams .

CARBOHYDRATE - Most abundant organic molecule on earth .



Carbohydrates are defined as the aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydroxy .
   1)    Monosaccharides - Ribose , glucose , Erythrose .

   2)   Disaccharides - Sucrose , lactose

   3)    Oligosaccharides - Maltotriose

   4)   Polysaccharides - Starch , Cellulose , dextrin and dextran .

FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATE  - 

# Maine source of energy in body .
# Production from crabs will be 4 kcalories .
# Storage of energy ( Starch & Glycogen ) .
# Excess carbohydrate is converted into fat .
# Glycoproteins and Glycolipids are component of cell membrane .

 Biomedical Importance Of Glucose -

# Glucose is major carbohydrate
# It is a major fuel of tissues. 
# Glycogen for storage 
# Ribose in nucleic acid
# Galactose in lactose of milk .

MAJOR PATHWAY OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

1. Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway) :  The oxidation of glucose to pyruvate and lactate.

2. Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle or
tricarboxylic acid cycle) : The oxidation of acetyl
CoA to CO2. Krebs cycle is the final common
oxidative pathway for carbohydrates, fats or
amino acids, through acetYl CoA.

3. Gluconeogenesis : The synthesis of
glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors (e.g.
amino acids, glycerol etc.).

4. Glycogenesis : The formation of glycogen
from glucose.

5. Glycogenolysis : The breakdown of
glycogen to glucose.

6. Hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose
phosphate pathway or direct oxidative pathway) :
This pathway is an alternative to glycolysis and
TCA cycle for the oxidation of glucose (directly to
carbon dioxide and water)


                            GLYCOLYSIS

The term glycolysis has originated from the Greek word “glycos” means sugar and “lysis” means splitting. It is also known as EMP pathway ( EMBDEN MARYERHOFF PARANS PATHWAY ).
In Anaerobic organism it is the only pathway of respiration occurs in cytoplasm .
In this process partiual breakdown of the glucose into two pyruvic acid .



CONVERSATION OF
PYRUVATE TO ACETYL CoA






CITRIC ACID CYCLE

Citric acid cycle
essentially involves the oxidation of acetyl CoA
to CO2 and H2O. This cycle utilizes about two/thirds of total oxygen consumed by the body.
The name TCA cycle is used, since, at the outset
of the cycle, tricarboxylic acids (citrate, cisaconitate and isocitrate) participate .


GLUCONEOGENESIS

The synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate compounds is known as gluconeogenesis. The major substrates/precursors for gluconeogenesis are lactate, pyruvate, glucogenic amino acids , propionate and glycerols .



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